Finance - 4387 Words

SEAT NUMBER: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ ROOM: .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. FAMILY NAME.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. This question paper must be returned. Candidates are not permitted to remove any part of it from the examination room. OTHER NAMES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. STUDENT NUMBER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. MID-YEAR EXAMINATIONS 2011 Unit: ACCG252: Applied Financial Analysis and Management Date: Tuesday 14th June 2011 at 8:50am Time Allowed: 3 hours plus 10 minutes reading time. Total Number of Questions: 30 Multiple Choice Questions plus 9 full response questions. Instructions: 1. PART A (30 marks): There are 30 multiple choice questions. Answers to these must be recorded on a red-coloured General Purpose Answer Sheet which will be marked by a computer. Please make sure your name is on†¦show more content†¦The firm has no preference shares. The current debt-to-equity ratio is 0.58 and the after-tax cost of debt is 6.4%. The company just hired a new CEO who is considering eliminating all debt financing. All else constant, what will the firms cost of capital be if the firm switches to an all-equity firm? A. 14.14% B. 13.37% C. 12.62% D. 12.89% E. 11.45% 9. Which one of the following statements is accurate for a levered firm? A. A reduction in the risk level of a firm will tend to decrease the firms WACC. B. An increase in the market risk premium will decrease a firms WACC. C. WACC should be used as the required return for all proposed investments. D. A firms WACC will decrease whenever the firms tax rate decreases. E. The subjective approach totally ignores a firms own WACC. 5(34) 10. Assume that you are comparing two firms which are identical, with one exception. Firm A is an all-equity firm and Firm B has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.60. All else equal, Firm A will: A. have lower EPS than Firm B when the level of EBIT is relatively low B. generate a lower EBIT, but higher net income than Firm B C. always have higher EPS than Firm B, since it has no interest expense D. have lower EPS than Firm B when the level of earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) is relatively high E. generate a higher EBIT, but lower net income than Firm B 11. Yamba Prawns Limited has justShow MoreRelatedFinance1352 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial manager differ from the traditional financial manager? Does the modern financial managers role differ for the large diversified firm and the small to medium size firm? The traditional financial manager was generally involved in the regular finance activities, e.g., banking operations, record keeping, management of the cash flow on a regular basis, and informing the funds requirements to the top management, etc. But, the role of financial manager has been enhanced in the todays environment;Read MoreFinance1074 Words   |  5 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE COURSE CORPORATE FINANCE 2.1 Working Capital Management Sept. 2014 Ir Frank W. van den Berg mba Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam ALYX Financial Consultancy bv, Aerdenhout FWvdB/2014 1 OUTLINE CORPORATE FINANCE FWvdB/2014 †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Basics Guiding principles †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Time value of money + Capital Budgeting †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Valuation of CF + Bonds †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Valuation of shares (+ co.’s) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Financial Analysis (Ratios) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Financial Planning (EFN) †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ à  Ã¯Æ'   Working Cap. Mgt. (A/R,Read MoreThe Finance1054 Words   |  5 Pagesrequires intentional short-term and long-term planning. More importantly, in order for capital management to be deemed successful, it is required that all members of an organization are on board. â€Å"Capital budgeting is not only important to people in finance or accounting, it is essential to people throughout the business organization†lt; /spangt; (Block, Hirt, amp; Danielsen, 2011). As the duration of the investment period increases, and the size of investment increases, the residual risk also increasesRead MoreEquity Finance And Debt Finance823 Words   |  4 PagesStockholders are those entities who provide a company with the risk capital such as preference share owners and ordinary share owners (Freeman and Reed, 1983). Generally, stockholderis one of long-term finance providers with the aim to maximize their wealth.According toBrickleyet al. (1985), long-term finance provi ders are more likely to focus on the matter whether the financial structure in the company is sound or not and the durability of profitabilityrather than temporary profits that a potentiallyRead MoreFinance, Economics, And Finance Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagesalso studied business, management, economics, and finance. These courses impressed upon me the importance of the financial sector in the economy. Finance professionals have the unique responsibility of managing assets and analyzing risks to ensure the future success of a company or organization. It is difficult to overstate the importance of this role, as the financial crisis of 2009 showed. It is due to my understanding of the importance of finance and investment, coupled with my longstanding interestRead MoreFinance : Finance A Carry Trade1144 Words   |  5 PagesIn finance a carry trade is a strategy that consists of borrowing at a low interest rate currency to fund investment in higher yielding currencies. (Moffett) Th e country in which the investors borrow from is called the funding country and the country where the investment occurs is called the target country. (4) Carry trade is also termed currency carry trade; this strategy is speculative in that the currency risk is present and not managed or hedged. (Moffett) Although there are several complicatedRead MoreFinance, Banking And Finance Industry2170 Words   |  9 Pagescomplete your transaction and move on with your day. The last thing on your mind is how that transaction is taking place. You don’t care what happens behind the scenes as long as your money is where it needs to be and is safe. As the banking and finance industry has transformed, so has the process of how your money is handled. To accompany those changes, regulators and lawmakers create laws designed to protect consumers, banks, and the economy as a whole. As you will learn, the history of the bankingRead MoreFinance : Finance A Carry Trade Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pages In finance a carry trade is a strategy that consists of borrowing at a low interest rate currency to fund investment in higher yielding currencies. (Moffett) The country in which the investors borrow from is called the funding country and the country where the investment occurs is called the target country. (4) Carry trade is also termed currency carry trade; this strategy is speculative in that the currency risk is present and not managed or hedged. (Moffett) Although there are several complicatedRead MoreFinance998 Words   |  4 PagesPlant Improvements Total Investments: total investment in plant and equipment brought forward from the Production spreadsheet. Sales of Plant and Equipment : total sales of plant and equipment brought foraad from the Production spreadsheet. Common Stock * Shares Outstanding: The number of shares of common stock in the hands of shareholders. Reflect any issue/ retire stock transaction at the beginning of this year * Price Per Share: stock price as of yesterday’s close. Stock will be issuedRead MoreInternal Sources Of Finance And Finance Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesInternal sources of finance: Internal sources of finance are funds that arise from within the business such as profits as they can be retained to grow the finance and selling assets. Retained profit Retained profit is the money kept in the company after paying dividends. It is used to reinvest in the business or to pay debt. It comes by a business after it makes profit and is kept separate to use in other ways such as expanding the business by developing new buildings or certain areas, buying new

Two Reviews of Angela Davis Free Essays

Two Reviews of Angela Davis’ Women Race and Class (1983) By: Brittany Turnbull I. The Reviews a. Amy Winter [Women Race and Class] Off Our Backs, January-February Issue (2005) pp48-49 b. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Reviews of Angela Davis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ann Russo [Book Review]Women Studies International Forum, Volume 6, Number 2 (1983) pp249 II. Summary of Reviews a. Winter, Off Our Backs The reviewer focused on the different parts of history of the African American woman as well as the history of all women as a whole. She broke up the review by discussing each chapter to coincide with Davis’ break up of her book and focused on the important details of each chapter that she found Davis had brought out. Winter doesn’t offer much opinion within her review because she mainly sticks to the fact that the book is written about oppression of African American women and African American people and she mainly describes exactly what Davis wrote. However, Winter did offer some criticism when Davis had written about how women working in the factories and doing hard labor was more interesting than doing house work. Winter found that there was no difference because either way something needed to be cleaned. One just reaped the benefits of a paycheck while the other did not. This was a good and thorough review because not only did it look at the whole book but it looked at each individual chapter and the main points within each chapter. b. Russo, Women Studies International Forum There is a different approach to this review because it is basically an analysis of what Davis’ theme or overall meaning of the book was. Russo described the book in the sense that the book wasn’t about oppression of Black women or Black people. It was about comparing the Black women to White women the overall sexist oppression that they both had to overcome and still are overcoming. Russo described this book as a being a feminist book about feminism as a whole and the revolution of all women. There was no discussion about the history of oppression that Black women had to live with over time or anything along those lines. There was not mention of historical figures as well. This review was good in the sense that it was an analysis of the overall idea of the book, however I feel that Russo was completely wrong in her analysis. She failed to realize the exact struggles and the exact differences between White and Black women. She also failed to realize that the use of White women within the text was to compare how much more difficult Black women had had it over White women in terms of the sexual and racial discrimination that Black women have had to encounter and attempt to overcome throughout history. How to cite Two Reviews of Angela Davis, Papers

Management In Hospitality Service Quality †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management In Hospitality Service Quality? Answer: Introduction Business organisations are in the market to sell their products to customers to satisfy their needs(Bateson, 2010). Business firms sell two types of products. Goods are the tangible products which can be physically touched and purchased by the customers. However, services are experiences which are purchased but cannot be seen and touched(Looy, 2013). Therefore, service providers need to give certain additional tangible cues or evidences to the customers to make them aware of the service delivery(Ennew, 2013). The following analysis trues to assess the physical evidences created by two competing hotel groups; Marriot and Hilton through their websites. The analysis also tries to assess which of these companies does a better job of creating tangible evidence. Comparison of Tangible Evidence created by Marriott and Hilton Group of Hotels through their website Services are different from goods because they are intangible, homogenous and inseparable from the owner or the service provider (Fisk, 2013). Due to the intangibility of services, customers and service providers rely on tangible cues or evidences to judge the service before purchasing. These tangible cues can be design, logo, tagline, any exterior design or any physical attribute of the service like its features, colour or any other quality (Lovelock, 2012). Billing summary can also be considered as physical evidence of the service. In other words, physical evidence is the environment of the service delivery(Mudie, 2013). Physical or tangible evidence is very important as it gives credibility to the delivery of the intangible service. Hospitality industry is a part of service industry as customers pay for the experience of staying in a hotel and not for the hotel itself(Evans, 2015). Service experience of a hotel includes the experience of its interiors, exteriors, ambiance, food and the hospitality offered by staff(Mohinder-Chand, 2016). Hotel industry uses many cues as a way to convince the customer about service quality(Ford, Sturman, Heaton, 2011). Infrastructure design and hotel ambiance related cues are main service evidence cues that hoteliers use(Wirtz, 2012). However, with the advent of digital technology, information available on the website of the hospitality company is also becoming a major source of tangible evidence cues for the customer(Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). Therefore, it would be interesting to contrast the tangible evidence provided by two competing hotels through their website. Marriott hotels and resorts is a flagship brand of Marriott International(Marriott, 2017). The company is headquartered in Washington DC. Marriott international started its hoteling journey in 1956 and now has around 546 hotels and resorts across the globe(Marriott, 2017). The hotel group functions in the luxury hotel segment and has a number of full service hotels in different global locations. Hilton Hotels and Resorts is a global hotel company(Hilton, 2017). The company was founded in 1919 and has a huge brand recall across the globe. The firm is headquartered in McLane Virginia, USA and has more than 570 hotels and resorts across the globe(Hilton, 2017). Like Marriott, Hilton hotel also functions in the luxury hotel and resort segment and offers high end luxury stay to its customers, Both Marriott and Hilton are competitors in full service luxury hotel segment of the hospitality industry(Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). Both these hotel chains are renowned for quality. As the firms operate in service industry and offer a service experience which is intangible, homogenous and inseparable, they have to provide tangible cues to make the customer aware of their service quality.(Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). Tangible evidence helps in convincing the customer of the service quality and its actual attributes. Importance of physical evidence arises from the triple attribute of the service experience(Evans, 2015). These triple attributes are that services are intangible, inseparable and homogenous. Customers cannot actually touch, own or differentiate between basic service provides(Hoffman Bateson, 2010). They can only experience the service. These triple attributes of services make it necessary for the service provider to generate differences through service quality(Fisk, 2013). The service provider also needs to make customer understand these services through tangible cues. Marriott Hotels provide a catalogue of its various hotel locations on its website by way of physical evidence cues(Marriott, 2017). Website of Marriott hotels has pictures of a beautiful hotel location on its home page as a proof of its external ambiance(Marriott, 2017). This helps customer to get an understanding of the style of hotels external dcor. Marriott hotel also has its Logo on the home page(Marriott, 2017). The logo provides a powerful brand recognition and recall for any organisation(Evans, 2015). Therefore, Marriott hotel group tries to convince its customers by creating trust through the brand power generated by a logo Marriott hotels have a separate tab on the website for deals and packages where different packages for customers are described in detail(Marriott, 2017). Packages contain holiday or business travel, packages inclusive of taxi and flight booking etc. The package details can be downloaded or can be provided through email by creating an account with Marriott(Marriott, 2017). These details create a tangible evidence for Marriot hotels because they come as a proof of service delivery and promise of quality of service. The Marriott hotel website also has pictures and details of various types of events like weddings, conventions and meetings that have been held at the hotel in the past(Marriott, 2017). Therefore, people who want to host events in the hotel can also get tangible evidence of service quality and nature of service delivery(Marriott, 2017). By looking at these past details customers can easily understand what to expect from the hotel service. The hotel also has a contact tab from where the customers can contact the hotel and get detailed brochures and other details in written and oral format(Marriott, 2017). This also acts as tangible evidence and gives tangibility to service delivery. However, as compared to Marriott hotel the website of Hilton hotel has a more attractive website layout (Hilton, 2017) . Website attractiveness adds to the tangible element of the service as the customer feels more comfortable about the service if he finds the tangible evidence attractive(Bateson, 2010). On the home page of Hilton hotels website, there are different tabs which help the customer to navigate through the website(Hilton, 2017). There is a huge catalogue with pictures of various Hilton hotel and resort locations(Hilton, 2017). These pictures along with their details can be downloaded and cross checked(Hilton, 2017). Therefore, these details act as powerful tangible cues. The website of Hilton hotel also provides detail of restaurants that are available in various hotels(Hilton, 2017). The pictures give an image of luxury, comfort and good ambiance which is a major service element of Hilton(Hilton, 2017).Additionally, Hilton hotels accurately creates an image of luxury hotel stay through the catalogue of resorts, hotels and restaurants. Hatton hotel website also has evidences of different deals and offers which the company has for various segments of the customers(Hilton, 2017). For example, there are seasonal discounts for travellers who aspire for a five star luxury life style but cannot afford it(Hilton, 2017). There are deals for newlywed couples, meetings and conventions(Hilton, 2017). These offers provide tangible cues regarding the service delivery in a specific situation. Additionally, there are various entertainment and add on services like taxi service, flight bookings, cruise parties etc. which are mentioned on the web site which provide an additional evidence of sensitivity of the hotel for customers comfort(Hilton, 2017). Therefore, Hilton hotel tries to generate service evidence through the website which can generate trust and convince the customer about quality of service delivery. On comparison of the websites of Hilton and Marriott hotels, it can be observed that both competing hotel groups try to project the picture of best service provider through their websites. Both websites give descriptions of hotel rooms, services, various events and deals. However, Hilton hotel has done a better job of projecting the physical and tangible evidences through their website (Hilton, 2017). Hilton hotel has a more attractive and easily navigable website (Hilton, 2017). The catalogue of Hilton hotel contains many more details about the hotels and resort locations as compared to Marriott hotel. Marriott hotel website does not look very attractive at first glance. Additionally, Menu tab is separate and at first look is not very visible(Marriott, 2017). This may lead to frustration of the customer. However, Marriott hotel gives better description of events and other offers in the hotel(Marriott, 2017). This can create better trust for the customer. However, compared to the number of pictures put by Hilton they need to improve. Therefore, Hilton hotel does a better job in creating tangible evidence of service through their website. Conclusion Tangible evidence helps to generate tangibility in service delivery. Both Hilton and Marriott successfully create tangible evidence through various features of their website. However, on the basis of attractiveness of the website, Hilton has the upper hand. References Bateson, J. E. (2010). Services Marketing. NewYork: South-Western Cengage Learning,. Ennew, C. (2013). Financial Services Marketing: An International Guide to Principles and Practice. New York: Routledge. Evans, N. (2015). Strategic Management for Tourism, Hospitality and Events. New York: Routledge. Fisk, R. P. (2013). Services Marketing Interactive Approach. NewYork: Cengage Learning. Ford, R., Sturman, M., Heaton, C. (2011). Managing Quality Service In Hospitality: How Organizations Achieve Excellence In The Guest Experience. New York: Cengage Learning. Hilton. (2017). Home. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from www.hilton.com Hoffman, K., Bateson, J. (2010). Services Marketing: Concepts, Strategies, Cases. London: Cengage Learning. Looy, P. E. (2013). Service Management: An integrated approach. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Lovelock, C. (2012). Services Marketing : People, Technology, Strategy. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Marriott. (2017). Home. Retrieved Septemner 18, 2017, from https://www.marriott.com/ Mohinder-Chand, D. (2016). Opportunities and Challenges for Tourism and Hospitality in the BRIC Nations. hARSHEY: IGI Global. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013). Service Quality Management in Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure. New Y0ork: Routledge. Mudie, P. (2013). Services Marketing Management. New York: Routledge. Wirtz, J. (2012). Essentials of Services Marketing. New Jersey: FT Press.

Jack Kerouac Essays - Literature, Counterculture Of The 1960s

Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac was a poet who focused on the forgotten people of the world. Wherever he traveled he found the places nobody wanted to find and turned the un-pretty into magnificent poetry. Kerouac used the people no one wanted to remember and turned them into poetic works of art. Jack Kerouac's life was filled with adventure and self-destruction. Born on March 12, 1922, Kerouac grew up in the poor city of Lowell, Massachusetts. His life was tormented with poverty and alcoholism, first by his father, then he himself was afflicted by the deadly disease. At the age of 8, Kerouac lost his brother, Gerard to typhoid fever. Kerouac traveled hitchhike style across the country. In 1943, Kerouac was a kitchen boy on a US Navy patrol boat. He enlisted in the Navy as a reaction to Pearl Harbor; he quickly got sick of the Army life and war, but was highly amused by the bottle, which was deemed the sailor's eternal comfort. In 1957, Kerouac's book, On the Road was published. "It is disturbing and powerful, but not over done, bursting with juvenile grace, distraught depravity, serious questions and severe hangovers, cheap philosophy and smoking jalopies." (Ann Charters.) Sadly after his bought with alcoholism he lost his life on October 21, 1969, in St. Petersburg Florida. From the beginning of his life, Jack Kerouac was interested in writing. Kerouac's first inspiration was the radio show, "The Shadow." Later in life he would model himself after Thomas Wolfe. In high school Kerouac was a star football player and got a scholarship to Columbia University to play on the football team. His family followed him to Queens New York and eventually Kerouac dropped out of college, shortly after his father had lost his business. After disappointing the father who has so recently disappointed him, his father sunk into an alcoholic depression. Kerouac then entered the military. When he wasn't sailing he would hang out with people his parents did not like, "outcast" Columbia students, Allen Ginsberg and Lucien Carr, an older businessman, William S. Burroughs, and a street cowboy from Denver Colorado, Neal Cassidy. Jack Kerouac started the Beat Generation, he penned the name, and he was one of the Beat poets/writers, along with Allen Ginsberg. When On the Road was published, Kerouac had found a new status as a celebrity. His sudden celebrity status was probably one of the worst things that could have happened to him, because his moral and spiritual decline in the next few years was shocking. To live up to the wild image he gave himself in On the Road, Kerouac developed a detrimental drinking habit that changed his natural brightness and aged him prematurely. Kerouac was incredibly unhappy with his new life as a celebrity. His life ended October 21, 1969 at the age of 47. Jack Kerouac's poems, Women, Hymn, and HitchHiker, are all represented by the theme that Kerouac wrote about the forgotten people. The poem Women, deals with Kerouac's theme of writing about the unnoticed. This is a very simple example. Kerouac is acknowledging that women are great, but he is also observing how the woman walks, very motion filled movements. The last stanza, "A handkerchief in the / Wind," is describing how the women swings when she walks, very softly like a handkerchief being moved in the wind. In the poem Hymn, Kerouac watches how the people of Brooklyn react to the ice that God created. He noticed how people were slipping on the ice, but not once, twice, probably in close proximity to each other. He also noticed in the line, "two different people / came over, goin to work, / so earnest and tryful" that people were trying so hard to avoid slipping on ice, and when they did slip, they had trouble regaining their balance. The second part of the poem, Kerouac is speaking of what God taught him. God allowed Kerouac to cry. God taught him how to cry. Kerouac later goes on to say that no one would have cared if he cried, "And me leaning on the lamppost wiping / eyes, / eyes, / nobody's known I'd cried / or woulda cared anyway," and he thanks God for letting him realize this inside of himself. Kerouac also makes a statement about his life, I knew God You / had better plans than that / So whatever plan you have for me / Splitter of majesty / Make it short / Brief / Make it snappy / bring me home to the

What Dreams May Bring essays

What Dreams May Bring essays "Dreams are not comparable to the spontaneous sounds made by a musical instrument struck rather by some external force than by the hand of a performer; they are not meaningless, not absurd, they do not imply that one portion of our stockpile of ideas sleeps while another begins to awaken. They are a completely valid psychological phenomenon, specifically the fulfillment of wishes: they can be classified in the continuity of comprehensible waking mental states; they are constructed through highly complicated intellectual activity". -Sigmund Freud- What is a dream? A dream is the communication of body, mind and spirit in a symbolic communicative environmental state of being. Got it? Me neither, now that I have completely confused you in every way imaginable. Let me explain to you what a dream is in a more down-to-earth way. Our brains are in constant motion or activity if you will. Different states of consciousness such as: awake, asleep, alert, drowsy, excited, bored, concentrated or daydreaming causes different effects in our brain activity. Therefore a dream is a window in the sub-conscious of your deepest fears or your most desirable thrills. Have you ever had that dream where youre falling and just before you hit the ground you awake? You ever wonder what that dream means? Maybe you have had the dream where you go to school or work and lets just say your not all the ready for school or work. You ever wonder why this happens and what this symbolizes? A dream can be as simple as you finding the road you were looking for or as complex as you completing a whole life from beginning to end. There are two classes of typical dreams: those, which always have the same meaning. As well as those, which in spite of having a similar content must still be interpreted in the best variety of ways. The term typical dream refers back to the same occurring manifest dream content, which ...

St. Albert the Great Quotes

St. Albert the Great Quotes Known as Doctor Universalis (Universal Doctor) for the extraordinary depth of his knowledge and learning, Albertus Magnus wrote extensively on numerous subjects. Here are some words of ​wisdom  from a variety of his writings, as well as quotations that have been attributed to him. St. Albert the Great Quotes The aim of natural science is not simply to accept the statements of others, but to investigate the causes that are at work in nature. De Mineralibus (On Minerals) The beaver is an animal which has feet like those of a goose for swimming and front teeth like a dog, since it frequently walks on land. It is called the castor from castration, but not because it castrates itself as Isidore says, but because it is especially sought for castration purposes. As has been ascertained frequently in our regions, it is false that when it is bothered by a hunter, it castrates itself with its teeth and hurls its musk  away and that if one has been castrated on another occasion by a hunter, it raises itself up and shows that it lacks its musk. De Animalibus (On Animals). The Isidore Albertus refers to is Isidore of Seville, who wrote an encyclopedia that included descriptions of many animals, both real and fabulous. Do there exist many worlds, or is there but a single world? This is one of the most noble and exalted questions in the study of Nature. Attributed He took over anger to intimidate subordinates, and in time anger took over him. Attributed I shall not conceal a science that was before me revealed by the grace of God; I shall not keep it to myself, for being afraid of attracting its curse. What worth is a concealed science; what worth is a hidden treasure? The science I have learned without fiction I transmit with no regret. Envy upsets everything; an envious man cannot be fair before God. Every science and knowledge proceeds from God. Saying it proceeds from the Holy Ghost is a simple way of expressing oneself. No one can thus say Our Lord Jesus Christ without implying Son of God our Father, by work and grace of the Holy Ghost. In the same manner, this science cannot be separated from the One who has communicated it unto me. The Compound of Compounds. The science Albertus is talking about is alchemy. In studying nature we have not to inquire how God the Creator may, as He freely wills, use His creatures to work miracles and thereby show forth His power; we have rather to inquire what Nature with its immanent causes can naturally bring to pass. De Vegetabilibus (On Vegetation) Nature must be the foundation and model of science; thus Art works according to Nature in everything it can. Therefore, it is necessary that the Artist follows Nature and operates according to her. The Compound of Compounds Now it must be asked if we can comprehend why comets signify the death of magnates and coming wars, for writers of philosophy say so. The reason is not apparent, since vapor no more rises in a land where a pauper lives than where a rich man resides, whether he be king or someone else. Furthermore, it is evident that a comet has a natural cause not dependent on anything else; so it seems that it has no relation to someones death or to war. For if it be said that it does relate to war or someones death, either it does so as a cause or effect or sign. De Cometis (On Comets) The second great wisdom ... is the science of the judgments of the stars, which provides a link between natural philosophy and metaphysics ... No human science attains this ordering of the universe as perfectly as the judgment of the stars does. Speculum Astronomiae (The Mirror of Astronomy) This dumb ox will fill the world with his bellowing. Attributed. The quote was supposedly in response to students calling Thomas Aquinas a dumb ox because he tended to stay so quiet. To say that there is a soul in stones simply in order to account for their production is unsatisfactory: for their production is not like the reproduction of living plants, and of animals which have senses. For all these we see reproducing their own species from their own seeds; and a stone does not do this at all. We never see stones reproduced from stones ... because a stone seems to have no reproductive power at all. De Mineralibus Whoever believes that Aristotle was a god, must also believe that he never erred. But if one believes that Aristotle was a man, then doubtless he was liable to error just as we are. Physica

Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example An engineer’s job is rather complex as they have to not only learn about the technicalities of their subject but also be aware of the ethical issues that are inextricably intertwined with what they produce. The issue is not that straightforward as it may seem. Let us consider a hypothetical scenario where the manufacturer of a refrigerator discovers that if the humidity of the room where the refrigerator is kept exceeds a certain level, owing to faulty insulation, anybody touching the machine might experience electric shock that would, though not be fatal but surely would generate a stinging sensation that would last for at least ten minutes. It must also be mentioned that under normal conditions humidity would hardly ever reach levels that might be dangerous. Now what would the manufacturer do? Would they recall all those refrigerators that they feel might be faulty or would they simply keep quiet as humidity would hardly ever reach such dangerous levels? This is a question of engineering ethics and it acquires a special dimension as any decision to keep silent might harm customers while there will be considerable economic loss if all faulty units are recalled. Engineering ethics like ethics in general has intimate connection with the ethos and culture of the country to which the manufacturer belongs. A recent case in point is the recall of 6, 46,000 City and Fit/Jazz cars by Honda Motor Company for replacement of faulty window switches that might overheat when exposed to liquid resulting in a fire.

Enteprenuership and Organizational Behavior Essay

Enteprenuership and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example This study therefore seeks to establish adequate principles and approaches needed to accomplish the relevant ambitious trends. Systematically Analyse the Concept of Entrepreneurialism The entrepreneur is an individual or group who is keen to abide by the risks of organising, operating as well as assuming the possibilities for a business venture in order to build capital either through profits (in case of profit earning organisations/companies) or through funds (in case of non-profit institutions). From a generalised perspective, entrepreneurialism can be denoted as one of the effective entrepreneurial cultures deliberately contributing towards various social development activities. Entrepreneurship today is extensively involved with the transforming ideas concerning economic growth of a society or a country at large. They are risk takers, who look forward to undertake any challenge or task without any hesitation. There are certain numbers of characteristics that are involved with the effectiveness of entrepreneurs, such as self confidence, sense of ownership, continuous learning skills, communication abilities, goal and system oriented cognitive skills and dedicat ion towards the objectives with an optimistic point of view, among others. Among the various notable entrepreneurs of this era, Lord Alan Sugar has been one. Born in East London, he worked against all odds to be a member at the House of Commons and to hold 89th position in the Sunday Times Rich List of 2011. Amstrad has been his most successful venture. 1.2 Critically Evaluate Entrepreneurialism as an Agent of Change in Both Public and Private Health and Social Care Sector. In the modern day context of healthcare and social organizations, the entrepreneurs are highly inclined towards gaining increased revenue or profit for the organization. However, social enterprises now-a-days entail certain significant attributes related to the governmental public policies. The enterprises of the globalised world focusing on a developed entrepreneurship are different from traditional and socio-economic approaches which motivated the European countries to adopt developed legal frameworks. The contemporary scenario of healthcare organizations is necessary to be conscious of the environmental changes, also to implement suitable plans and strategies for the organization, concentrated on its social benefits. Significant plans along with the appropriate strategies are more effective for the organizat

The Principle Role of Financial Intermediaries Essay Example for Free

The Principle Role of Financial Intermediaries Essay There are evidences that â€Å"financial intermediaries play a key role in improving the performance of the economy†. (Morawski 4) Not to mention that they â€Å"could even act as a good predictor of long run rates of economic growth, capital accumulation and productivity improvement† (King and Levine cited in Chakraborty 1). However, what –exactly- is the principle role of financial intermediaries? This is what this essay tries to answer. This essay aims at discussing the principle role of financial intermediaries (banks, investment companies, financial advisors or brokers, credit unions, mutual funds, and insurance companies). The best approach to achieve this goal is to search the literature to study what is written concerning financial intermediaries’ different roles and assess these roles to come up with the principle role of these institutions. However, first of all, it was necessary to study different definitions for financial intermediaries in case these definitions could give an idea about the principle role of them. For example, -according to Claus et al. financial intermediaries â€Å"‘channel funds’ from those who have savings to those who have more ‘productive’ uses for them† (2). Also, Jalan defined financial intermediaries as â€Å"institutions which ‘transfer funds’ from economic agent with surplus funds (surplus units) to economic agents (deficit units) that would like to utilize those funds. Then, Morawski provided a better definition to ‘Financial intermediaries’ term as institutions which provide â€Å"‘channeling’ or efficiently ‘transfer funds’ between lenders (surplus units) and (deficit units) borrowers that are brought together in order to achieve higher production and efficiency for the economy as a whole. † or in another word, as she mentioned institutions which â€Å"pool ‘resources’ from various small investors so that they can be able to later lend those ‘funds’† (2, 3) Then, it was clear that these definitions actually give the financial intermediaries’ principle role. However, to be sure that the principle role is what mentioned in definitions of the term, it was logical to move to other research findings that discussed basic or vital roles of financial intermediaries. Corrigan mentioned that the vital and indispensible role of financial intermediaries is in â€Å"helping societies ‘economies’ achieve a broad range of public policy goals, including, but not limited to- ‘mobilizing’ and ‘allocating savings’ in an effective and efficient manner† (10) According to Chakraborty, financial intermediaries â€Å"perform the roles of (a) resource mobilization and allocation, (b) risk diversification and (c) liquidity management to foster development of the real sector† (1) and that’s exactly what Morawski assure â€Å"The low transaction costs allow those institutions to offer liquidity services as it is simpler to sell financial instruments to raise cash and in the same time reduce the exposure to potential risks by sharing risks among various investors† (3) Diamond and Dybvig summarized these roles when they showed that financial intermediaries â€Å"can enhance risk sharing, which can be a precondition of liquidity, and can thus improve welfare† (cited in Claus et al. 2). And through these two financial services –provision of liquidity and risk sharing- they â€Å"reduce the costs of ‘moving funds’ and help in overcoming information asymmetry between borrowers and lenders, leading to more ‘efficient allocation of resources’ and faster economic growth† (Claus et al. , 2) Claus et al. mentioned two channels through which financial intermediaries â€Å"can have an effect on economic growth, capital accumulation and technological innovation†. (7-8) While â€Å"this ‘supply of funds’ provided by financial intermediaries –according to Goldsmith- through loans or through the purchase of securities is an essential if not the primary economic function of financial interm ediaries† (180) Finally, based on these definitions and research findings, the principle role of financial intermediaries is in achieving the efficiency and effectiveness in supplying funds to the market by mobilizing and allocating resources or funds -with (a) low transactions costs and (b) overcoming information asymmetry- between borrowers (surplus units) and lenders (deficit units) -through two main services, the (1) provision of liquidity and (2) risk sharing-; and as a result to this better utilization of these funds (more investments and higher production- leads to economic growth or welfare (through (1) capital accumulation, (2) improved or enhanced productivity, and (3) technological innovation).

The Story Of The Hour Essay -- Literary Analysis, Kate Chopin

The Story Of The Hour, by Kate Chopin, is about woman who struggles with oppression brought on by her husband and her secret desire for freedom. Mrs. Mallard doesn’t know how truly unhappy she is until she is told that he has died in train accident. The story is limited to a third-person point of view, but is not short on drama thanks to the structure and style of Chopin’s writing. Her theme of oppression is reveled by the irony of the story, in which she discovers a sense of freedom quickly after her husbands death. Chopin uses symbolism to emphasis this newly found feeling. The main character Mrs. Louise Mallard is a very easy to relate to. The structure and style that Chopin uses in The Story Of The Hour, is used to exaggerate the drama of what is taking place. She uses very short paragraphs the majority being only two to or three sentences a piece. The story is about the hour after Louise find out her husband is dead. It bring us quickly from a state of morning to a place where she realizes that she is â€Å"free† from the bondage of her husband. The structure of the story is reflects the intensity of emotions she exhibits. The length of the story leaves no room for a drawn out exposition, we shoot quickly from the that to the climax and end just as quickly after that. There is a lot of repetition through out the story, which she uses to emphasize the importance of certain points she makes. The word â€Å"open† is repeatedly used through out the story, â€Å"open window†(69) , â€Å"open square†(69). â€Å"opened and spread her arms out†(69) and many more. She also repeats the word â€Å"free†, "Free! Body and soul free!" (69). She also repeats phrases such as â€Å"might be long† like when she says â€Å"She breathed a quick prayer that... ...esn’t seem to be a bad guy, he is the antagonist in the story. He is the character that keeps Mrs. Mallard from living the life she dreams about. It is the very presents of Mr. Mallard, that ends killing his wife. We can only speculate that it was the though of having to live the life she once lead was the real cause of Mrs. Mallards death. Though The Story Of An Hour is very short, it is very powerful. I imagine that there were many women in the 1800’s that wondered what life would be like if there husbands weren’t around. Though Mrs. Mallard is treated as if she is weak because of her heart condition, she is strong in character. I think that even women of today’s world can relate to this to this story in in some way, which is why it has with stood the test of time.

Dating Younger Men Whats in It for You

Demi Moore, Madonna, Halle Berry, Mariah Carey, what do these names have in common aside from being famous? They have all dated significantly younger men. These women are always attending parties, events, red carpets, meeting millions of people, so what made them choose the young boy over so many attractive, interesting men around their age? They are â€Å"cougars† some people would say, a term referring to women dating younger man, that according to sex and relationships columnist and writer Valerie Gibson was originated in Vancouver, British Columbia, as â€Å"a put-down for older women who would go to bars and go home with whoever was left at the end of the night. † Twenty years ago this would have been looked at as strange and unusual, but it’s becoming more common every day. In 2003 a study by AARP revealed that 34 percent of all women over 40 in the survey were dating younger men, and 35 percent preferred it to dating older men. The most recent U. S. Census Bureau figures show that 12 percent of all marriages were between older women and younger men. What is all the craze about? What makes these young boys so appealing to older ladies? Some of the reasons why women enjoy dating younger men are the control they can exert over them, their sexual empathy, and the feeling of being younger. The first juicy little trait these women enjoy is having more control over their partner if he is younger than with a man at the same age. Older men are set in their ways of thinking, and because of past experiences, they have formed their character and personality and are not looking to change that. Young men are more willing to learn and being told what to do by their woman can give them a sense of stability and protection, which is also appealing for them. Some women have a motherly instinct that can be satisfied by dating someone younger, who they can take care of and at the same time tell them what to do. English writer Oliver James shares a thought in his article, â€Å"Why are so many older women into dating young men†: â€Å"They can use their wisdom to help their young men, while getting a lot back in return. Many young men also enjoy this feature of dating an older lady, which allows them to learn new things and be with a confident woman. (125) Furthermore, another important factor that these women are attracted to is the sensation of feeling young again. Dating a younger man can take them back to their college years and can even increase their ego and self image by realizing that they still attract the interest of a young man. This is the sensation these women experience while dating younger men; in the words of Dr. Jennifer Berman, urologist and expert in women’s sexual health, â€Å"feeling beautiful, feeling attractive, feeling young. Being appreciated as a woman for all that you are and all that you’ve learned and all that you’ve become. This fuels that high self esteem, making them even more attractive to their partner. Last but certainly not least, the compatibility under the sheets. Older women and younger men soon realize that they have something in common that makes the relationship so much better, their sex drive. Online column writer Chuck Ross, points out in his article, â€Å"The Sexual Peak Myth†, how â€Å"men hit their sexual peak at the age of 18 while women hit theirs at 30-35. † He further explains that â€Å"despite literally no scientific support for this theory, this has become â€Å"common knowledge† in our society. This makes complete sense, a women who is dating an older man, maybe in his 40’s or 50’s may have the same reading taste, enjoy listening to the same music and share their interest on visiting museums all over the world, but when it comes to the bedroom, they might be going in completely opposite directions. This issue is obviously non existent with young studs. Self proclaimed cougar and author of Hot Cougar Sex Llona Paris, shares her point of view: â€Å"Flirting with and bedding a hot younger guy can ignite a woman’s confidence. And attention from a beautiful older woman will stroke a man’s ego. A cougar knows what she wants, particularly in the bedroom. And because of her experience in the boudoir, she has a lot to share, which is interesting for younger men. † (78) Yvonne K. Fulright, a writer for Fox News website, on her article â€Å"Sink your teeth into the cougar†, reflects about how young men are aroused by their strong confidence, less inhibited personality and more mature sexuality than younger girls. This makes them look in control and secure about themselves, and they are not shy about sharing what the like in bed, and showing it to their young partners. This further analysis helps the reader understand even better, why young men are more than willing to experiment having a relationship with an older women. Its understandable why some women make this choice, being able to control their partner gives them a sense of security, the benefits of feeling forever young, and the excitement of a having a perfect match inside the bedroom. All this reasons can make a steady long lasting relationship between an older women and a younger man, contrary to what was believed years ago, a successful relationship doesn’t have to be composed of an older more experienced man and a younger wome

Confused and DazedConfused and Dazed Essay

At the risk of sounding â€Å"clichà ©-ish†, in answering the question of whether or not I thought the theme of the play was all about a man who could not make up his mind, my answer would be yes. If ever there was a man who contemplated life until it absolutely absorbed him into a pitiful peace-less mind it was Hamlet. The above mentioned clichà © is from the ever famous Act III Scene I: To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?   Ã¢â‚¬ËœTo be, or not to be’ has been quoted, misquoted, used out of context, and has been said enough that little children will know the line before they know who Hamlet is. However, to further support my answer to the above question, man has contemplated life in many different ways. For Hamlet to say ‘to be, or not to be: that is the question’ is to say he is conveying all that has him perplexed. In those ten words lies more depth of thought than can be demonstrated in the writing of this essay. But, there is hope for mankind in that some have dared to answer the question, rightly translated ‘to live or not to live?’ Is it nobler to think or act? Does the act of thinking, (in the mind to suffer), lessen the blows of life that wealth and fame can bring? Hamlet would say it makes no difference. Hamlet is not the first man to set out to perform a specific task and get side-tracked by so many distractions that grab at the mind like children in a candy store. Is it nobler? One would have to define ‘nobler.’ A good example of his more righteous (nobler) thought was trying to decide, within this same passage, if dying would be a copout to living. If he thought he could be considered a noble man by dying, then he would certainly be obliged to do so. However, there were all those other thoughts nagging at him. One such thought, sidetrack or interruption is found when he comes into the room where his mother is crying because Claudius is upset with her. The ill Claudius was feeling, though, could not be compared to what Hamlet was feeling. In a scene that can only be described as confusion trying to make sense of chaos, Hamlet manages to kill someone he suspects is Claudius hiding behind the tapestry. In the one moment he decides to act, he blows it royally (no pun intended). It is worth the mention that Hamlet does get around to doing both what he had revenged to do to Claudius and himself. But, in the end of the play there is the notion that he still could not make up his mind. Laertes forgives Hamlet for his and his father’s death and was also concerned that Hamlet would not blame him either. Hamlet does it as only Hamlet could; in his dying breath, after all the time he spent contemplating life and death he says: â€Å"Had I but time—â€Å".

Free Essays on Psychoanalysis

. Finally since dreams are dramatization... Free Essays on Psychoanalysis Free Essays on Psychoanalysis The main idea of Sigmund Freud’s infamous psychoanalysis is the interpretation of dreams. Freud called dream interpretation the â€Å"via-reggia,† or the â€Å"royal road† to the unconscious, and it is his theory of dreams that has best stood the test of time over a period of more than seventy years. We dream every single night whether it stays with us or not. It is a time when â€Å"our minds bring together material which is kept apart during waking hours†(Craig, 1992). When we dream we entertain a wider range of human possibilities then when we are awake. It has been suggested on more than one occasion that we in fact have no knowledge of the dreams that we set out to remember, actually occurred. What we have remembered of a dream has been told to us by our brain, which seems incapable of remembering a whole dream and may have lost precisely the most important parts of its content. Often we regret the fact that we can not remember anything of our dream except a single part. Which itself is unclear. Secondly, there is every reason to suspect that our memory of dreams is not only short but wrong and fake. On the other hand it may be doubted whether what we dreamed was really as hazy as our memory of it. It also may be doubted that in our attempt to remember a dream we do n ot fill in what we never actually dreamt(Freud, pg. 512). Dream accounts are public verbalizations and as public performances, dream accounts resemble the anecdotes people use to give meaning to their experience, to entertain friends and give or get a form of satisfaction (Erdelyi, 35). In order to talk about the memory of a dream there are at least three steps one must take. First putting a remembered dream into words requires labeling categories and labeling categories involves interpretation. Next since the dream is multimodal, putting them into words requires the collapsing of visual and auditory imagery being put into words. Finally since dreams are dramatization...

21st Century Trends in Human Health

21st Century Trends in Human Health Human Health in the 21st Century: Global Trends, Developments and Challenges Ntsebo Immaculate Molapo Introduction The twentieth century saw the introduction of many antimicrobials and antibiotics which have been efficient in reducing the mortality rate from 797 deaths per 100000 people in 1900 to 36 per 100000 in 1980 (Arsmtrong, et al., 1999). Although there is a decline in the twentieth century, there are some sharp spikes in mortality in 1918 which was due to the influenza epidemic. Industrial progress during the second half of twentieth century, with the inherent socio-economic changes, has possibly been the driver to improve hygiene and health in Western countries, notably decreasing poverty-related morbidity and mortality. The health population as a sustainable condition requires protection continuing to ensure (Lastovica & Skirrow, 2000): Environmental clean air, clean water, adequate food, tolerable temperatures, stable climate, and high levels of biodiversity. But econ omic development also presents excessive backfire secondary to massive industrialization that generates a global deterioration of environmental conditions, with negative impact on human health (Nachamkin, Szymanski & Blaser, 2008). The results numerous scientific studies suggest that human activities, mainly the massive use of fuels fossils, have modified the natural composition of air. Air pollution from greenhouse gases produces a surface heating land beyond the natural variability of the climate system, conditioning the so called climate change (Graham et al 1987). Food and Water borne Diseases The bacteria â€Å"Campylobacter† is the second cause of most frequently reported food borne illness. A comprehensive approach to food safety from farm to table is needed to reduce Campylobacteriosis (Graham et al 1987). Farmers, industry, and food inspectors, food vendors, workers in food service and consumers are each critical link in the chain of food safety. This document answer s common questions about Campylobacter, describes how the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is attending the problem of contamination of meat and poultry products with Campylobacter and offers guidelines for food handling to prevent bacteria like Campylobacter cause disease (Marshall et al 1985). Salmonella is also a bacterium which is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles and mammals (Marshall et al 1985). It can spread to humans through a variety of different foods of animal origin. The disease causing â€Å"Salmonellosis† include fever, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps. In people with impaired immune systems underlying health or weakened, it can invade the bloodstream and cause infections that endanger life (Friedman, 2000). E. coli O157: H7 is bacterial pathogen that has a reservoir in cattle and other similar animals. The human disease occurs after consumption of food or water that has been contaminate d with microscopic amounts of cow faeces, causing, often a severe and bloody diarrhoea and cramps painful abdominal, without much fever. In 3% to 5% of cases, you may receive a complication called haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) several weeks after the initial symptoms. This severe complication includes temporary anaemia, heavy bleeding and kidney failure (Friedman, 2000). Campylobacter: Sources of disease and risk factors Sources and incidence of disease differ, sometimes greatly, between developed and developing countries. Transmission from person to person is considered rare in developed countries. By contrast, in developing countries human carriers may have a greater role in the transmission of infection function. In general, it is thought that chickens, poultry and other foods are the most likely sources of infection in developed countries. Number of cases notified beings Human per 100 000 inhabitants caused by Campylobacter jejuni / coli. The data presented are the data avail able to the drafting group until June 2006 (Blaser et al 2008).

Leading and managing people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leading and managing people - Essay Example In my group we were doing a video shoot for companies. We were to act like a company and we were looking for investors to help make those download videos for companies. Therefore of this assignment being that we were coming from different cultural backgrounds we needed a strong and effective leader and was Ross was a one such leader. From the socio grams it is obvious that Ross choose the influencing kind of leadership style. In the appendix from week 4, 6, 7 and 8 more and more focus is directed on Ross as the project becomes more and more demanding. Furthermore, in week 6 even relationships between the groups members have began to be strained and there is tension however, by week 7 and 8 the leader Ross had straightened this tension and communication was smooth. The straightening and smoothening of the relationships in the group was not done by chance but by the leadership style that Ross had chosen. This is represented well by the emotiograms in the appendix which depicts the stress level of the members at different weeks. However, Ross is shown to be on top of the tree in each and every week looking down at his group members. As some members are distracted, some are lazing around, some are detached and some are completely falling Ross is strong and very alert and is on top of his game. This depicts Ross’ leadership skills as being assertive and influencing to the group members. By being influencing she is giving positive directives which will bring the members together. Being on top of all of the group members Ross put pressure on us to do what was expected of the group. However much this leadership style was good and productive it made me feel like Ross was the only important and my ideas and contributions were not valuable. In th e appendix section sociogram 6 portrays our strained relationship and also emotiogram 7 shows me just hanging by dangerously and about to fall. I believe that Ross’ leadership style is caused by his personality which is

The Hunger Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hunger Game - Essay Example This essay aims at exploring the bad implications on people because of the power that Capital had and also the good implications on people because of the power that Katnis Everdeen had. Several evidences in the story as shown by these characters have been pointed ou in this essay to prove this thesis. Though Capital is not a singular character it plays the role of a manifested format of power. Capital, the epicenter of power had made life miserable for the people of poverty struck District 12. Katnis Everdeen, the protagonist of the novel evolves into an unsentimental, rough girl as she realized that without her engaging in ace hunting, her family won’t survive. It must be noted here that hunting was crime as dictated by the Capital and would result in life sentence. So the power to survive by overpowering the evil evolved in Katnis as being a continuous victim of submission and decisive control. Though these two characters persist to be powerful in the story, the way in which they use power are entirely opposite in nature. While the Capital is portrayed as a body which urges to forcefully gain power from people and the social systems around it, power is an inherent trait in Katnis. The expressions of power by these two characters are also in entirely different dimensions. A vital element in the story which enjoys and exercises power is the Capital. This character controls the work and resources within different district. They come up with systems to demonstrate the authority they had over the resources. The story unfolds into more expressions of power through the annual game conducted by Capital. Interestingly, the game is organized to make all the districts aware about the mighty power of the ruler of the country. Thus from the side of the Capital, power is exercised through cruel unfair expressions of authority. They change the rules of the game even in between the game so to show their power. The brutal measures appropriated by the capital are typica l examples of how power operates to manipulate people and social systems so as to remain more powerful. The Hunger Game is about overpowering other people in the game and surviving till the end to emerge as the winner. The process extends to killing each other. As nobody would volunteer into a game of killing, the capital exercises their power here again to nominate two people from each district. They have complete power over the death and life of the nominees. There are consistent efforts from the Capital all through the game to manipulate is so that the power equation within the country persists. The author has succeeded in portraying the cruelty through which the Capital operates. Every gesture has power as its central theme and the brutality of its execution has been well expressed all through the story. Katnis Everdeen, on the other side uses power to protect her family. It is a matter of survival for her. She nurtures the inherent power and courage within her through her life experiences. She lost her father in a mine explosion at an early age. She at the age of sixteen is responsible to feed her family and takes up hunting which is illegal. In the selection process of the tributes for District 12, Katnis’ younger sister gets selected. The expression of power with Katnis is well expressed at this juncture as she opts to volunteer in place of her sister. A powerful expression of power is depicted by the author in the presentation ceremony of the Hunger Games. Katnis

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example This article lays emphasis on the effects of drug and substance abuse on children, and tells that children may emerge as users. In today’s society, drug use and its impacts have heightened. This norm has been experienced across variable age forms with children gaining increased participation in this exercise. There has been a call to find out the cause of the drug abuse problem among individuals with emphasis placed on the outcome of indulging in the heinous act. Barrett and Veerman stated that children have joined the number of drug users and are affected directly or sometimes may be a third party in the substance abuse act. There is the need to protect children from the substance abuse problem because they constitute the population who constitute the future society. There have been numerous investigations into the cause of mental disorders. Substance disorder has been frontal to causing these complications with a 3.8-11.3%. Via the national surveys, countries have been able to articulate the main cause of mental behaviour. Up to an average of 4 % of the users have the problem to encourage the drug dependency, living with a motive to kill the craving by practising the substance abuse. The society dictates the morals of the members and with the measures it undertakes to curb the spread of drug addiction there will be a similar realization of the impacts of the measure. The paper researches on the link between drug abuse and criminal behaviour. There are several crimes in the society that have been caused by substance abuse and an example is in prostitution. The government policy has been identified as a form of regulation for these drug related crimes. These drugs have the tendency to create a vice within an individual to involve in harmful measures that corrupt societal event. There is a direct link between crime and drugs within the society and regulations to curb drug indulgence would help protect the innocent members. Drug use is often

Domestication of Maize in Mesoamerica

Domestication of Maize in Mesoamerica One of the most basic needs of a human being is that of food. We most eat and drink to survive. Subsistence is a natural thought which consumes every modern humans day. What will I eat for breakfast? What will I take for lunch or will I eat out? Should I take something out for dinner or pick something up on the way home? All of these questions seem at times quite complicated, however are without a doubt, much simpler than what may have crossed the minds of prehistoric humans. Just as it is today subsistence was the center of each cultures world. Whether you were nomadic or sedentary each group of hunter-gatherers had to eat. It is the survival of these societies which allows us as archaeologists a peak into the past. The process of gathering enough food in which to obtain a sufficient amount of calories was first and foremost in everyday life. The process of domestication of certain plants eventually led to more nucleated settlements. Let us keep in mind Morgans theory of culture, if this is correct, that cultural progression is lineal; than it is safe to assume that the only natural progression for prehistoric humans was to transition from the hunter gather stage of obtaining subsistence to a more agricultural life style. One cultigen in particular was maize, now referred to as corn. In this paper an attempt will made to properly explain what maize is, how maize became a major staple in prehistoric peoples diet, and lastly how has maize been detected in Mesoamerica through evidence in the archaeological record. What is maize? It is a large species of American grass of the genus Zea (Z. Mays) widely cultivated as a forage and food plant; known as Indian corn (http://archaeology.about.com). Maize is a cultigen; this is a crop that cannot propagate in the wild without human intervention. Plant domestication can be defined as the human creation of a new form of plant, dependent on human intervention, harvesting and planting for survival. Maize has a distinct planting season, growing season, and harvesting season. There is a worldwide importance placed on corn. In the Western Hemisphere it is by far the most important human food crop (Beadle, 615). It is still the most important crop in all of Latin America. On a worldwide basis it is the third most important human food crop, with an annual production of some two hundred metric tons (Beadle, 615). When Columbus arrived from the Old World and stumbled upon this strange crop on the island of Cuba, essentially all major races of maize-some two to three hundred- were already in cultivation and had been disseminated from its place of origin, probably southern Mexico (which will be explained further in the paper), to mid-Chile in the south and to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in the north. The passage below from a science magazine will further help explain the definition of maize. Corn, also known as maize (from the Spanish maiz) was first domesticated nearly 10,000 years ago from teosinte, a wild grass that looked quite different from our modern crop. Teosinte grew in Mexico and Central America as a bushy plant with many spikes, the precursor to our familiar ear of corn. The small teosinte spikes had only two rows of nearly inedible kernels, or seeds, each enclosed by a hard covering. These seeds separated individually at maturity and were dispersed widely. In probably less than a thousand years, the tiny spikes of ancestral teosinte transformed into larger ears with edible kernels that remained on the cob for easy harvest. How these dramatic changes occurred has been a puzzle for over a century. Geneticists are now convinced that humans living in the Balsas River region of Mexico were foraging teosinte seeds when they noticed rare aberrations-likely caused by random mutations-that increased spike size dramatically. Seeds were propagated from these bigger spi kes, and thus the remarkable events of domestication began. By studying the maize genome, researchers have now confirmed that mutations in single genes, such as Teosinte glume architectural (Tgal). Alter kernel and plant structure and that changes in many genes influence complex developmental traits, such as the time to flowering. As human populations migrated throughout the Americas, new varieties of maize were selected to grow in local environments. Some varieties were maintained as so-called landraces, each growing in ecological niches in Mexico and South America. Now, these varieties and landraces hold a wealth of genetic diversity, which is being tapped for both basic research and as traits for crop breeding(http://www.sciencemag.org/products/posters/maize_poster) How did maize become a major staple in prehistoric peoples diet? Where there other uses or maize other than subsistence? New research shows that there is unequivocally four major independent centers of plant domestication; the Near East, China, Eastern North America and Mesoamerica. (Smith 1989: 1566) The Americas is believed to provide the clearest record there is of agriculture origins anywhere in the world, providing new understanding of the process involved in this key transformation in human history. However, the process is believed to have started in Mesoamerica. Maize has many uses; food, feed for live stock and energy for industries. As a food, the whole grain, either mature or immature, may be used; or the maize may be processed by dry milling techniques to give a relatively large number of intermediary products, such as maize grits of different particle size, maize meal, maize flour and flaking grits. (http://fao.org) These materials have a significant number of applications in a large variety of foods. Maize grown in subsistence agriculture continues to be used as a basic food crop. In developed countries more than 60 percent of the production is used in compounded feeds for poultry, pigs and ruminant animals. In recent years, even in developing countries in which maize is a staple food, more of it has been used as an animal feed ingredient. High moisture maize has been paid much attention recently as an animal feed because of its lower cost and its capacity to improve efficiency in feed conversion. The by-products of dry milling include the germ and the seed-coat. The former is used as a source of edible oil of high quality. The seed-coat or pericarp is used mainly as a feed, although in recent years interest has developed in it as a source of dietary fiber (Earl et al., 1988; Burge and Duensing, 1989). Wet milling is a process applicable mainly in the industrial use of maize, although the alkaline cooking process used in manufacturing tortillas (the thin, flat bread of Mexico and other Central American countries) is also a wet milling operation that removes only the pericarp (Bressani, 1972). Wet milling yields maize starch and by-products such as maize gluten, used as a feed ingredient. It is this flat bread or tortilla that is speculated to have been used in pre-historic times. This is not the tortilla that we think of today, however, the basic concept is rudimentary and could have been used even 10,000 years ago. George W. Beadles research shows that the probability of maize being similarly used as what we refer to as popcorn is high. This high probability points to the use of teosinte, which has been argued among scholars as an un-usable product, therefore not an ancestor of maize. Beadles research has proven that even the triangular kernel of teosinte could have been heated on heated sand, hot rock or fire and would have popped. There is speculation that in prehistoric time, maize had a religious and ceremonial purpose. It is written that in the height of the Incan empire maize was used in ritual and ceremonial gatherings in the form of beer. (Fernandez-Arnesto; 243) There isnt anything to indicate any different anywhere else that maize has turned up within the archaeological record. With a better understanding of maize and its possible functions, lets address where maize originated. Blake, Clark, Chisholm, and Mudar consider the transition to agriculture in the Formative period of coastal Mesoamerica (from approximately 1500 B.C. to the birth of Christ), specifically along the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico. These scholars review the evidence from this area in terms of two competing hypotheses: the competitive feasting model of Hayden (1990) and the interaction of plants and humans as described by Rindos (1984) and Flannery (1986). MacNeishs work in the Tehuacan Valley has shown that the origins of maize and its integration into a system of agricultural production that included a variety of plants began as early as 7000 B.C. The earliest people to use and domesticate these plants were not sedentary, instead, they were nomadic foragers who incorporated these domesticates into a complex seasonal pattern of hunting and collecting (MacNeish 1967, 1972; Flannery 1968; Flannery 1986). It has been believed that from Formative times forward that maize is typically seen as the main staple crop in Mesoamerican prehistory. Agricultural advancement has long been thought of as the cornerstone of early sedentary village life and one of necessary conditions for the development of complex society (MacNeish 1972). Maize yields a high amount of caloric intake which is necessary in the process of sustaining the level of activity that prehistoric people in Mesoamerica needed to survive. A recent re-analysis by Farnsworth et al (1985) of archaeological data from the Tehuacan Valley, including a stable carbon and nitrogen analysis of the human skeletal remains, suggests that a heavy dependence on grains, including maize began as early as the Coxcatlan phase (ca. 5000-3000 B.C.). In Oaxaca, excavated macrobotanical remains show that domesticates, including maize, beans, squash, and avocados, were in use and consumed both before and after the appearance of the first sedentary villages (Flannery 1976, 1986). Kirkbys (1973) study of agricultural production suggests that the main staple, maize, was cultivated and relied upon from the Early Formative Tierras Largas phase (1400-1150 B.C.) onwards. She suggests, however, that maize did not reach a threshold of productivity, until about 100B.C. when larger varieties allowed greater yields per cultivated hectares of land. The assumption is that as maize cob size grew, and the plant became more productive, then early villagers c ame increasingly to rely on it as a subsistence staple. Both the Tehuacan and the Oaxaca data suggest that after agricultural products, particularly maize, became important in the subsistence system by the Late Archaic period, the trend towards increasing reliance on these plants continued through time. The movement of a relatively small amount of maize from established agro-ecology over long distances into a new environment is equivalent to an evolutionary bottleneck or a founder event (King, 1987; Mayr, 1963). Because only a small portion of the population is represented after one of these events, sampling error will result in, among other things, changed gene frequencies, breakdown of co-adapted gene complexes, and sometimes increased additive genetic variability (Cheverud and Routman, 1996). The above mentioned on page 2 and 3 of this paper attempted to explain the process of genetics when involved in the process of advancement of a plant. We can refer to this as agricultural evolution. Farming in modern day seems to be, from an outsider looking in; hard work, dirty work, and monotonous work. If with modern equipment farming is difficult what would it have been like in prehistoric Mesoamerica? Why farm at all? We look at hunting game now in present day society as romantic and sportsman like. There is a challenge to the game. There is fancy equipment purchased and well kept. Hunters tell stories that are passed on from generation to generation, hunting stories in prehistory had to be just as exciting and the stuff of which myths were made. So, again why farm at all? Many scholars have argued that without agriculture societies would not have existed. Only agriculture, with its pattern of population growth, urbanization, and economic surpluses has produced civilizations (Reed, 5). Thus helping to explain why agriculture led to complex societies. Varying conditions such as altitude, rainfall, soil, and seasonal temperature rand and latitudinal differences in the length of day during growing seasons led to the eventual diffusion of maize northward into North America, however for the sake of this paper the focus will remain on Mesoamerica. The research indicates that the evidence in the archaeological record states that the coastal areas show maize before any other area. Coe and Flannery until the 1980s were the only two researchers to report domesticates at Early Formative cities along the Pacific Coast of either Chiapas or Guatemala. Other than these few incidences relatively few sites have produced macrobotanical evidence of cultigens among their subsistence remains. Richard Scotty MacNeish conducts what he called the great corn hunt in 1958. MacNeish believed by tracking pre-ceramic caves in the southern part of Mesoamerica, namely, in the caves of Copan and the Comeagua Valley of Honduras he would have a better chance of tracking the corn (MacNeish 1962). His search extended to Zacapa Valley of Guatemala in 1959, as well having brief visits in Oaxaca and the Rio Balsas Valley of Guerrero. In 1961 MacNeish and his team started the Tehuacan project which yielded to be a great unbelievable success. Among many question with this project MacNeish and his colleagues were able to solve the problem of the origins of corn and were able to attack the how and the why of many other domesticated plants in highland Mesoamerica. According to MacNeish the amount of artifacts (50,000 lithics, more than 100,000 plant remains, over 10,000 bones and some 250 human feces) found in the 454 sites gave the team a time span that roughly stretched from 20,000 to 2000 B. C. Since MacNieshs research and excavations there have been over 1000 sites found and more archaeological evidence to support his original findings. In conclusion, the topic of maize is one that has intrigued and puzzled archaeologists for many years. The domestication and evolution of maize in and of itself causes much debate. It is because of great archaeologists like MacNeish and his unwavering curiosity of the great corn hunt as to why we have the information that we have today. The mere evidence of 454 sites becoming 1000 in a matter of years speaks for itself. The fact remains that there are 4 major independent centers of plant domestication, the Near East, China, North America, and Mesoamerica. It is the intent of this paper to have clearly introduced even the novice of persons to what exactly is the definition of maize, how maize became a major staple in prehistoric peoples diet, and how maize has been detected in Mesoamerica through evidence in the archaeological record.

How are the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novels E

How are the young David and Cassie presented as victims in the novels 'David Copperfield' and 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' 'Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry' is a story about an African American girl growing up in a racist community in Mississippi during the 1930's. It shows her family as they struggle to survive in the racist community, try to keep their land and survive on the little money they get because of the fall in cotton prices due to the economic depression. David Copperfield on the other hand is about a boy growing up in a mid-Victorian world. With his family dieing around him, nowhere to live and people constantly taking advantage of him, David also has a hard time growing up. In Roll of thunder we see the whole story through the eyes of Cassie and how life is for her. Whilst in David Copperfield the story is told by David so we only see how he thought it happened. In this essay I am going to compare the way in which these two young people are treated as victims and whether their characters influence people to treat them inadequately. At home David has memories of a happy childhood, until his mother Clara remarries to a man called Mr Murdstone who victimised him. In the early days of David's existence he describes his life as being picture perfect. 'my mother and I and Peggoty-for Peggoty is quite our companion my mother reads to Peggoty and me there is nothing half as green as that grass' David loved his childhood he remembers everything to be idealistic which reminds us that the story is from David's point of view and may not be exactly how it was really. We can tell that he cherishes the time when it was only he Clara and Peggoty because of the emotive language used by the author. When Mr Mu... ...d into her, tackling her with such force that we both fell over' 'and she apologised for herself and her father' Cassie devised a foul proof plan to 'stitch' Lillian Jean up. She then bribed her into not telling anyone. Although her family are constantly victimised she knows that they shouldn't be treated in that way and so won't put up with it. David and Cassie are both treated as victims throughout their childhoods. I think on one hand David is treated like a victim because he doesn't know how he should be treated and doesn't stick up for himself and on the other Cassie is treated like a victim because she knows how she should be treated and speaks out about it. While David apologises for what he has done -usually nothing- Cassie plots her revenge. I think both stories show realistic points of view of two people struggling to survive their childhoods.

Facebook Versus Friendster and Myspace

Stealing Success & Leaving the Unsuccessful Behind: Facebook Facebook, one of the most successful social networking sites up to date, has 500,000,000-users. Facebook found phenomenal success through the mistakes and downfall of fellow competitors, Friendster and MySpace. However, was Facebook’s success due to the downfall of its predecessors? In this paper, we will discuss what makes a social networking website successful, and reveal what Facebook did and what other social networking websites such as Friendster and MySpace, did not do.There are certain properties that will be highlighted later on in the paper that will distinguish the successful social networking websites such as Facebook from the unsuccessful, such as Friendster and MySpace. Social networking websites have five main characteristics. First, social networking websites are user-based where they are built and directed by users themselves. Second, social networking websites are interactive, meaning that they are n ot just a collection of chat rooms and forums anymore. Such websites are filled with network-based gaming applications, allowing individuals to play with one another online.Third, social networking websites are community-driven allowing members to join a group where they all hold common beliefs or hobbies. People are able to find sub-communities of people who share commonalities, such as alumni of a particular high school, or part of a charity organization, or who are just interested in the same things. Fourth, unlike other websites, social networks thrive on relationships. It allows people to build connections, links to one another and allows people to establish themselves toward the center of a network.These websites are also another way for individuals to discover new friends, but it also allows them to reconnect with old friends lost along the way, allowing them access to possible friendships out there. The last characteristic of social networks is the emotional factor. While we bsites are usually designed with the primary function of providing information to the visitor, social networks â€Å"provide users with emotional security and a sense that no matter what happens, their friends are within reach. †To start off, let’s beg the question of what exactly went wrong with Friendster? There isn’t a single reason that explains why Friendster failed, but merely actions Friendster did not take to secure their position as the number one social networking website. First, the more popular Friendster became, the longer it took to load the webpage, sometimes taking as long as 40 seconds. Such technical problems were not issues that could not be solved; however, they felt that such â€Å"technical difficulties proved too pedestrian† for them.Instead of spending hours fixing such problems, the team of Friendster devoted most of its time talking about future investors, potential competitors and new features that would give Friendster a distin ct look. They focused more on the future or rather than the problems of the present; they wanted to run before they could even walk. Secondly, Friendster was a closed system that allowed users to only view the profiles of those on a relatively short chain of acquaintances.As a dating website, it was imperative to be able to find people whom may be suitable for you, but if the viewing of their profile was limited, then the possibility of finding a possible date would be much lower than if Friendster took on a open system approach. As mentioned, most of the problems Friendster faced were technical, but it was their decision to only focus on the next big thing, rather than the simple mechanics that made Friendster possible in the first place.If the team had solved these minor problems, Friendster today could still be a leading social networking website, and possibly have prevented MySpace and/or Facebook from emerging. On these accounts, Friendster is an example of an unsuccessful soci al networking website. Next, MySpace saw phenomenal traffics growth starting in early 2004 and it continued all the way to 2007 even as Facebook entered the scene, but what happened along the way? Similar to Friendster, MySpace faced several technical problems.Firstly, MySpace pages are designed mostly by individuals with little HTML experience causing HTML code to be rarely met leading to accessibility problems for users and freezing up web browsers. Secondly, security is another major problems. There are advertisements that provide links to fake login screens tricking users into entering their information, allowing people access to their page. Another security issue would be of our personal information. There is no privacy setting; therefore f anyone wants to know more about an individual, there are no restrictions on the amount of information they could attain on the individual via MySpace. Lastly, MySpace lost to Facebook simply because there is no sense of privacy with MySpace. MySpace took an opposite approach from Friendster, allowing everyone and anyone to see their profile. Any individual keen on viewing a certain page would be given access whether or not the owner approved or not, rendering owners of MySpace account vulnerable to outside criticism and viewing.The open system caused a lot of security and personal issues creating stalking incidents, violent fights, and gate crashing of parties. These problems were due to the fact that anyone had access to people’s MySpace page, and nothing could be done to prevent limited viewership. Unlike Friendster, MySpace was able to see more success, however, that success was short-lived. And similarly to Friendster, MySpace did not respond to requests to fix their problems, causing them to fall into the category of an unsuccessful social networking website.First Friendster, second MySpace, and lastly Facebook? What makes Facebook a fad, and why has it survived longer than its predecessors? A normal routin e for a majority of the population would be, wake up, check facebook, go to school/work, check facebook again, do work/listen to lecture while checking facebook, and then go home and check facebook once again. On average, it’s been found that people check their Facebook an average of 4 to 5 times a day. There are many reasons why Facebook is so successful, and why Friendster and MySpace failed to see the kind of success Facebook is seeing today.In the next part of the paper, we will see how Facebook overcame the problems Friendster and MySpace encountered, turning what could have been unsuccessful into something immensely successful. As mentioned previously, Friendster and Myspace encountered issues such as technical problems such as the webpage taking up to 40 seconds to load or where it would sometime just fail to load altogether, and additionally, that Friendster was a closed system. Facebook knew these reasons and made sure these were not to be problems.Mark Zuckerberg st ates, â€Å"if the website is even down for a few minutes, people will leave. † As such, till this day, users around the world have not seen Facebook down. Admittedly, there still are a few small technical problems, but users never had to wait more than 10 seconds for a page to load, and if there were problems, they were fixed shortly after. Having downtime would mean that the rate of infection for social networking sites would decrease causing less people to firstly know about the website, and secondly, to be able to spread the ‘infection’ even further.This was a problem that caused the rapid reduction usage rate for Friendster because not only did the rate of infection die down, but also people just simply got annoyed causing the susceptibility of new individuals rather low. Therefore, Facebook made sure there was no downtime and in doing so not only made the rate of infection high, but satisfied million users worldwide causing many to be susceptible to the ide a of being part of the new fad, Facebook. Next, Facebook did not enforce a closed or open system policy.Instead, they allowed users to choose whether they wanted their page visible to people, and allowed users to adjust their security settings. It gave people an option to reveal as much or as little information about themselves, and allowed people to choose who to allow access to their information. This system not only solved Friendster’s closed system, but at the same time, MySpace’s open system and privacy problems. Security was never a real issue for Facebook until they started allowing more applications to be a part of the system.Inevitably, people created software that stole users’ sensitive information. However, shortly after, Facebook reacted by introducing new technology to limit the security breach. Facebook developer Mike Vernal stated, â€Å"We take user privacy seriously. We are dedicated to protecting private user data. † Shortly after the in cident, Facebook rendered all applications that broke such security inactive. Lastly, as with all companies, talent is a major issue.We can talk about how user friendly, or how the technical bits are better in Facebook when compared to Friendster or MySpace, but the truth is that it all boils down to who is in charge. Facebook brought in better viral experts, more efficient programmers, stronger usability coders, more influential public relations teams and faster HR Personal. For instance, Facebook recruited Sheryl Sandberg, the head of sales at Google, Jonathan Helliger, the former engineering head at Walmart, for former CFO and VP of Genetech and Elliot Schrage, the former PR head at Google.After talking about the properties that made Facebook successful, I’d like to talk about the receptivity of Facebook and how it responded to the population because a population can only go crazy for a fad if people are receptive of it. First, we will look at Friendster and how the popula tion responded to it and what made Friendster successful at times. In 2002, Friendster was originally created as a dating website, four years later, Friendster was changed to cater to young teenagers. In 2006, Friendster became very popular in the Philippines because of their games and fun applications that were marketed.Along with that, Friendster started incorporating advertisements on their websites, but more importantly, advertisements that had to do with games. Second, MySpace became popular because it was a means to hear about what was happening to others, keep track of the whereabouts of friends and celebrities and to create and attend parties, all on one page. MySpace was not just a blog, but it was an area for friends to congregate and communicate with one another. Next we will see how Facebook made use of Friendster and MySpace’s strengths, turning it into their success.Facebook made use of the successes of both Friendster and MySpace, and combined everything that w as successful into one platform. Friendster and MySpace were both marketed differently to different kinds of people, and because of this, Facebook knew how to make people more receptive to this new social networking site. Facebook did not just want to target people who wanted to find new friends or dates, or people who wanted to communicate with friends and keep in contact, or simply play games- Facebook wanted it all.And that was exactly what Facebook did, ensuring that people who joined would get the benefits from both Friendster and MySpace altogether. In doing this, Facebook made their website more appealing to a larger population, allowing two things to happen. First, by increasing the number of things an individual can do on the website would make more people susceptible to wanting to be a part of it. Second, a larger population being susceptible would eventually mean a faster rate of infection causing more people to join and be a part of the increasing fad. Facebook was the n ew generation social etworking website that incorporated all the successful elements of its predecessors, and neglected all the unsuccessful elements. In conclusion, we have established that Facebook has attained a successful status due to its 500,000,000 users worldwide. Facebook is successful because of two main reasons. First, the failures of Friendster and MySpace gave Facebook an opening into the market and the opportunity to fix those mistakes caused by the two. Second, Facebook fed off the successes of both Friendster and MySpace, incorporating all the ideas into one website.Therefore, to be successful one must remember to firstly attend to the problems at hand, secondly, find out what makes things work, and lastly, make sure the population is receptive. With this, Facebook not only overtook its predecessors, but conquered their failures, and fed off their successes, becoming the number one social networking website of all time. Citations: Chung, J. (2010) How Facebook won th e battle of the social networks. Innoblog. Retrieved from http://www. innosight. com/blog/564-how-facebook-won-the-battle-of-the-social-networks. tml Dykes, B. (2010) Another day, another instance of Facebook breaching user privacy. Yahoo News. Retrieved from http://news. yahoo. com/s/yblog_upshot/20101018/tc_yblog_upshot/another-day-another-instance-of-facebook-breaching-user-privacy Gary, R. (2006). Wall Flower at the Web Party. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2006/10/15/business/yourmoney/15friend. html? pagewanted=all Rdube. (2010). Characteristics of Social Networks. Retrieved from http://socialnetworking. lovetoknow. com/Characteristics_of_Social_Networks

The Difficulties Which International Students Face

Introduction:This article is about the troubles which international pupils face, particularly for Asiatic pupils, including thought manners, larning attitudes and composing and showing manners. In malice of its publication day of the month, it is still helpful for us to understand the international students` state of affairs abroad. In the text, the writers argue all the issues are rooted in traditional civilization. In general, the authors` statements are sensible, but to some specific instances their positions are no longer suited. The grounds involve the development of instruction within the approximative 20 old ages and their restrictions of ocular positions. In this paper, ratings about every chief thought are presented. About the state of affairss which the authors` thoughts are non suited, some suggestions are indicated. As for the applicable statements, more groundss are provided to endorse up.Background:In this twenty-four hours and age, rather a few of Asiatic pupils go abr oad to analyze. However, there are some typical troubles they must get the better of because of their innate inclination. In Ballard and Clanchy`s research, the innate inclination wholly stem from oriental tradition, which is a typical point of view in the yesteryear. Some subsequent research taken by David Kember and Lyn Gow indicates that the issues result from the course of study and learning environment [ 1 ] . With the development of the instruction system in Asiatic states, the issues seem to be fade away during recent old ages. Asiatic international pupils become more and more familiar to western civilization, and they can get by with the assignment from their lector more swimmingly. This makes probes in past clip become unsuitable, so some updating studies are necessary to cover new state of affairss.Summary:The rubric of the article is â€Å"Cultural Variation: Troubles for Student Studying Abroad† . It is from a book named â€Å"Study Abroad: A Manual for Asian Stu dents† written by Ballard and Clanchy ( 1984 ) . In this article, the writers argue three chief troubles that Asian international pupils face in their perusal procedure. Further, the writers suggest Asiatic pupils seting their perusal manner for successful survey abroad. The first chief thought in the text is about fluctuations of thought manners. As the writers say, different thought and acquisition intents lead to different consequences, which stem from changing civilizations. A peculiar illustration of a Nipponese pupil who adjusted his intent and adapted his essay construction to run into his lecturer`s demand is utilized to back up the chief point. The fluctuation in larning attitudes is argued as the 2nd chief thought. In the authors` sentiment, different educational traditions create different larning attitudes. Then different larning attacks, including generative, analytical and bad, are presented in peculiar instruction degrees, although they are non separated wholly. The writers quote three Asiatic students` words and depict an Indonesian postgraduate`s state of affairs to endorse up their chief thought. The other chief thought concerns differences in authorship and presenting manners. Five distinguishable authorship forms, including English, Romance, Russian, Semitic and Oriental forms, are described in the text ( Kaplan 66: 1-20 ) . As indicated, a typical illustration of a Thailand pupil whose thesis was crossed out by his Australian supervisor suggests that different authorship manners differ widely. As the authors` suggestions, a more analytical and critical acquisition attack is expected for Asiatic international pupils to win in their survey.Critique ( general ) :By and large talking, the three chief troubles pointed out in this article are sensible. Although this article was published in 1984, the jobs still exist in current international pupils. The influence stemming from traditional civilization is important, which can non be eliminated within about twenty old ages. The thought and authorship manners which are trained during their studying procedure unnoticeably, still act upon international pupils. Something different, nevertheless, has happened in these twenty old ages. Internationalization has been an unstoppable inclination, for which relationships between states has become more and more closed. In the tendency, instruction internationalisation is a representative 1. Compared with the state of affairs in 1984, much more pupils go abroad to analyze, particularly for pupils from developing states. With the figure of international pupils increasing, abroad analyzing is no longer cryptic or unachievable. Most pupils who are ready to travel abroad can acquire much utile information from cyberspace and relevant agents. As the consequence of this, pupils are comparative familiar to the instruction environment abroad. Additionally, they normally can acquire experiential cognition from forthgoers. Therefore, they are able to set themselves to the outlooks of alien universities more easy, In add-on, a series of linguistic communication trials and record scrutinies are developed to gua rantee that pupils who are admitted by foreign universities can last in another state.Critique ( specific ) :As the statement above, the chief thoughts argued in this article is still sensible at present, nevertheless, the state of affairs has changed. So to a certain extent, the descriptions in the text are no longer suited. As the authors` averment, the fluctuations in believing manners stemming from traditional civilizations, made the Nipponese pupil fail in his first twelvemonth. Sing the beginning of fluctuations, it must be true, but this illustration should be an utmost one. Normally, the believing manner of oriental pupils is suggestive. They ever make attempt to avoid measuring subjects straight. When they are sing a subject, they normally think over the influence of background foremost. With the debuts of western educational civilization, nevertheless, most pupils are likely to compare the positions and measure the subject, although they may depict the background at first. In Chinese secondary school, many assignments are to reason the chief thoughts of prepared texts and measure these chief thoughts from your ain point of view. Through preparation like this pupils obtain the capableness to measure the comparative virtues. So the description as the text presented, merely may go on in utmost inst ance. With the increasing of the acquaintance to western thought form, the similar extreme instance should be less likely to go on. About the different acquisition schemes mentioned in this article, the writers claim that it is needed to develop a more analytical and critical acquisition manner for many Asiatic pupils. It should be a credible recommendation at that minute. However, in today`s school, non merely universities or colleges, but besides secondary schools, it is paid attending to analysis ability. Basically, the instructors and lectors encourage pupils to inquire inquiries and believe more deeply. In this manner, pupils are required non merely to retrieve the cognition points, but besides to understand how the procedure is traveling. In add-on, many universities in China set up financess to back up undergraduates to take experiments. Then, pupils who want to make some research in peculiar Fieldss are encouraged to use them. In this manner, students` bad capablenesss are cultivated. Furthermore, harmonizing to relevant research, there is no important difference between Australian and Asiatic pupils [ 2 ] . As reported, Asiatic pupils are non rote scholars. In other words, the generative acquisition scheme is non directed towards Asiatic pupils. Then, for Australian pupils, the best manner to larn is besides to retrieve and understand by bosom. For these grounds, the authors` averments about these three acquisition attacks are non in conformity with facts and suited to the development of instruction. Refering authorship manners, the writers cite Robert Kaplan`s theory to explicate the changing authorship manners successfully. For oriental authors, explicating the issue straight is a blunt manner which lacks of ideations. In their positions, a better manner to show their thoughts is to depict the background and the influence factors as deductions. The terminal consequences should be obtained by readers themselves. As the writers suggest, this indirect authorship attack is non suited to academic thesis in Australian universities. In western scholars` positions, the â€Å"relevant descriptions† are non relevant at all. It is a existent difference between western and eastern authorship accomplishments, while it is unneeded to discourse which 1 is more advanced. Expect from the fluctuations between different civilizations, the differences between each academic subject are besides mentioned in the text. In this twenty-four hours and age, more and more interdisciplines are develo ped, for which flexible authorship manners are required. Additionally, as a comparatively nonsubjective authorship manner, scientific discipline and technology articles should be paid more attending to pull readers.Decisions:In this paper, in connexion with every chief point mentioned in the original article, ratings are provided. By and large talking, the authors` chief thoughts are still applicable at present phase, although in this article there are some inside informations should be changed to accommodate modern instruction. When the writers are comparing with Asiatic students` plants and Australian lectures` outlooks, utmost illustrations are cited. This is the biggest failing, because it ignores the general position. Deductions of this article are that pupil who study abroad should larn how to set himself to the demand.Mentions:David Kember, Lyn Gow: A Challenge to Anecdotal Stereotype of the Asiatic Student, 1991.F. Sushila Niles: Cultural Differences in Learning Motivation a nd Learning Schemes: A Comparison of Overseas and Australian Students at an Australian University, 1995.